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摘 要:英国的股票交易历史悠久,同时英国一直奉行对经济采取不干涉主义为主的策略。在股票交易的监控也采取自律模式为主。其关于内幕交易的法规及法律活动有其特色,在对美国的证券监管制度的分析日益多见时,对其作些分析有益于思考。 在分析了法律条文及案件中与法律相关的事项后,结合已经陈述了法律意见的议员(Griffiths)的文词,提出法律议决:撤销起诉(指对于Warner藐视法庭罪的诉讼的撤销),但裁定其必须回答询问,并接受罚金。 仅就上议院对此案件的审理来分析,就会明晰其未对案件的事实做出裁决。这是由于在英国上议院的审理一般仅就案件进行法律审。所以其审判者主要从法律条文的实质内蕴及案件中与法律相关的内容从法律的角度来阐释,最终得出其处理意见。 以案述法 首先,案例的发生并不起因于财经记者的报道,而是调查人员已经在调查某一与内幕交易相关联的案件。调查人员在调查过程中发现财经记者的报道与其调查对象有关,故而对记者进行询问。根据英国1986年金融服务法第177条第(1)款[国务大臣认为有迹象表明1993年刑事审判法第五编(内幕交易)规定的犯罪行为可能已经发生的,可以任命一名或多名具有法律资格的调查人员为确定上述犯罪行为是否已经发生进行调查,并将调查结果报告国务大臣] [3](P.193)可知:本案例是一宗内幕交易调查的衍生案例。由该款还可看出,调查人员的产生必须基于一定的已然事实,而且存在已经可能发生的犯罪行为。还有,调查的启动必须得到一定机构的授权。 其次,案件之所以能够衍生,是调查人员基于法律赋予的调查权限而形成。据第177条第(3)款,[调查人员可以要求任何在其看来能够或者可能提供与上述犯罪行为有关的信息的人:(A)向调查人员提供其所掌握或控制的并且在调查人员看来,与调查对象有关的任何文件;(B)接受当面质询;或(C)不能接受当面质询的,应当向调查人员提供与调查对象有关的其所能提供的所有协助。遵守上述要求是该人的责任。] [3](P.193) 当调查人员发现财经记者所报道的文章与所调查的对象有关联,就有权要求财经记者回复询问。而财经记者可能基于惯例拒绝公开其信息的来源。此一情况下,调查人员根据第178条第(1)款将案件提交法庭。[任何人如果:(A)拒绝遵守上面第177条第(3)款规定的任何要求,或(B)拒绝回答依据该条规定被任命的调查人员向其提出的与确定任何可疑罪行是否发生有关的任何质询,经调查人员向法庭出示书面证明,法庭可就上述事实进行调查。] [3](P.195-196) 此案例文献中未说明案件是否经过别的法庭审理,故将其视为直接起诉到上议院(appeal to House of Lords)。由文中所述可知,该次审理由五名法官审理(GRIFFITHS、OLIVER、KEITH、ROSKILL、GOFF)。法官们意见不一致,最终依据多数意见来裁定案件。既没有完全支持调查人员的诉求(撤销了起诉),也没有认可财经记者的拒绝理由(裁决他必须回答对其的询问,并对它的拒绝回答处以罚金,尽管罚金由其所服务的单位来支付)。其所依据的法律包括第178条第(2)款[在听取反对或支持被指控违反前宽规定的人提供的证据及辩护意见之后,法庭认为该人无合法理由拒绝遵守前宽规定的要求或回答上述质询的,可以:(A)对其按藐视法庭罪处以刑罚;] [3](P.196)、藐视法庭法(1981)第10条。通过解释来发现这两个法律所蕴含的法律实质,并将解释用于案件的审理中。也就是说,审判官于纸上的法律条文的里面来洞察、寻觅法律的实质意义。 法律分析 当然,这一案例是因内幕交易的调查而衍生出来的一边际案件。如果要对英国内幕交易的调整规范作分析,还要将其相关法律涉入才能达到较为清晰的脉路。 首先,内幕交易案件的产生源于法律所赋予的调查权。而调查权得以产生的依据就是作为秩序的最后防线的刑事法规所呈列的法条:1993刑事审判法中第五章之内容[内幕交易(第52-64条)] [3](P.285-294)。该章节法律条文为明确判断相关行为奠定基石。更值得注意的是1986年金融服务法第177条第(1)款[国务大臣认为有迹象表明1993年刑事审判法第五编(内幕交易)规定的犯罪行为可能已经发生的,可以任命一名或多名具有法律资格的调查人员为确定上述犯罪行为是否已经发生进行调查,并将调查结果报告国务大臣] [3](P.193)。由该条可知,内幕交易案件的发生权掌握于特定的机关:国务大臣。即并非任何人都可以启动内幕交易案件。综上可看出英国人的固有法律思维:有救济才有法律。作为对内幕交易的规制,其目的在于维护市场的公信力。只有共信力需要救济时才能启动法律。同时救济的发生需源于一个机构而非公民个体。再有,对于内幕交易的调查根据刑事法规中的犯罪可能,呈现一个由后向前递推的(或者说前溯型)解决问题方式。这与英国习惯的自由不干涉主义思维相符合,即只有你碰线才问你,否则不问,听任其自为。 其次,内幕交易案件活动的主线在于调查权的行使。当案件产生和权力授予后,针对内幕交易的法律活动便以调查权的行使为主线展开。在调查展开前,需就调查的对象、范围做出明确的规定。第177条第(3)、(4)款对此有了陈述。[(3)调查人员可以要求任何在其看来能够或者可能提供与上述犯罪行为有关的信息的人:(A)向调查人员提供其所掌握或控制的并且在调查人员看来,与调查对象有关的任何文件;(B)接受当面质询;或(C)不能接受当面质询的,应当向调查人员提供与调查对象有关的其所能提供的所有协助。遵守上述要求是该人的责任。(4)调查人员在其所认为能够或可能提供与犯罪行为有关的信息的人宣誓后,可以对该人进行审查,为此调查人员可以主持有关宣誓。] [3](P.194) 调查权是基于法律而授予,故对调查权的行使就需法律的制约,正如第177条(2)、(2A)、(5)、(5A)各款所示。[(2)依据本条规定对调查人员的任命可以限定调查的期限及被调查事件的范围。(2A)在调查过程中,国务大臣可以通过缩短或延长调查人员继续调查的时间或者将调查对象限制在特定范围内变更其任命。(5)调查人员应当在其认为合适的时间或根据国务大臣的要求向国务大成提交中期报告,并在调查结束后,向国务大臣提交终结报告。(5A)国务大臣认为适当的,可以指示调查人员就某项被调查的事件不再采取进一步措施或者仅采取指示中规定的措施;对于该项被调查事件,国务大臣要求提交终期报告的,调查人员应当提交。] [3](P.193-194) 再次,作为调查活动的相对人,其如何回应调查活动,也是法规所不可忘却调整的。第177条第(6)、(7)、(8)、(9)各款对相对人的回应做出明文规定。[(6)任何人根据本条规定的要求作出的任何陈述,可以作为对抗该人的证据。(7)任何人只要其在高等法院的诉讼程序中基于法律职业特性或在苏格兰最高民事法院的诉讼程序中基于职业法律顾问对当事人负有保密义务有权拒绝如此行事,则该人不得被要求披露本条所指的任何信息或提供任何文件,但律师被要求提供其当事人的名称的住所的,不在此限。(8)任何人不得被要求披露或提供根据银行业务规则该人对其负有保密义务的任何信息和文件,除非:(A)保密义务的承受者同意披露该信息或提供该文件。(B)披露该信息或提供该文件的要求得到了国务大臣的授权。(9)任何人对某份文件请求留置权的,依据本条规定对该文件的提供不得影响留置权的行使。] [3](P.194-195) 其四,当调查活动主事者调查人员与调查活动的相对人之间进行法律活动时,必然会产生相互间的对立。对于这一对立如何运用法规来调整也是立法时所需深虑的。为此,就有了第178条相关的规定。法律将调查相对人从大的方面划分为参与内幕交易的人和非参与内幕交易的人。规制了对这两类人统一适用的法规。如第178条第(1)、(2)、(6)款的各法条所示。[(1)任何人如果:(A)拒绝遵守上面第177条第(3)款规定的任何要求,或(B)拒绝回答依据该条规定被任命的调查人员向其提出的与确定任何可疑罪行是否发生有关的任何质询,经调查人员向法庭出示书面证明,法庭可就上述事实进行调查。(2)在听取反对或支持被指控违反前款规定的人提供的证据及辩护意见之后,法庭认为该人无合法理由拒绝遵守前款规定的要求或回答上述质询的,可以:(A)对其按藐视法庭罪处以刑罚;或(B)指示国务大臣对其行使本条授予的权利。法庭认为该人已经被告知出庭的权利及根据本条规定可以行使的其他权利的,无论法庭对于该违法人是否具有管辖权,均可发出上面(B)项规定的指示。(6)为本条第(2)款规定之目的,如犯罪行为或可疑犯罪行为与某人根据另一人的指示或为他人的利益进行的交易由有关,下述事实不得成为其拒绝遵守? 厦娴?78的要求或回答该条规定的质询的合理理由:(A)该人不了解另一人的真实身份;或者(B)该人受联合王国境外的某个国家或地区的法律的约束,并且该国法律禁止其在未得到另一人的同意的情况下披露有关交易的信息,只要其有可能获得另一人的同意或得到该国法律的豁免。] [3](P.195-197) 而从第178条第(2)款中分出了对参与内幕交易的人的规制法条:即第178条第(3)、(5)、(7)、(8)、(9)款法条所述。[(3)法庭依据前款(B)向发出的指示与被授权人有关的,国务大臣可以向该人发出表明如下意图的通知:(A)通知发出后规定期间届满时,撤销对该人经营投资业务的授权;(B)规定时间届满时,撤销其成为被授权经营投资业务的人的资格;(C)在该人履行通知生效前所订立的合同的特定期间内,限制对其经营投资业务的授权;(D)禁止该人缔结特定种类的交易或禁止其在特定条件或特定范围之外缔结交易;(E)禁止该人向特定种类的人招揽业务或禁止其以该种方式之外的任何方式经营业务;(F)禁止该人以某种特定方式经营业务或禁止其以该种方式以外的任何方式经营业务。(5)法庭就未被授权人作出本条第(2)款(B)项规定的指示的,国务大臣可以发出指示,指出任何故意与该人或代表该人进行特定种类的投资业务交易,或在特定条件下或特定程度上进行该种投资业务交易的被授权人,违反了依据本法第一编第五章制定的任何规则,该被授权人因被认可的自律组织的会员资格或被认可的职业团体签发的证书取得授权资格的,应当视为违反了该组织或团体的规则。(7)根据本条第(3)款规定向某人发出的通知,可以由国务大臣在任何时候向该人发出撤销通知而撤销;并且国务大臣认为该人已经同意遵守有关要求或回答有关质询的,应当撤销其根据该款规定发出的通知。(8)对某人撤销上面第(3)款(A)项规定的通知,不同时具有恢复由上述通知所撤销的授权的效力,除非该人(与通知无关)在被撤销授权之前,其授权资格来自被认可的自律组织的会员资格或被认可的职业团体签发的证书;但本条规定不得妨碍被送达通知的人在通知撤销后重新成为被授权人的权利。(9)如果再国务大臣看来:(A)依据上面第(3)款规定被送达通知的人为被授权人,且其授权资格来自指定代理机关的授权,被认可的自律组织的会员资格或被认可的职业团体签发的证书,或者(B)依据上面第(7)款规定被送达撤销通知的人在该项被撤销的通知发出之时为前项规定种类的被授权人,国务大臣应当向该指定代理机关、组织、或团体送达上述通知的副本。] [3](P.196-198) 最后是案件的结局和权利的归复。内幕交易案件的调查的最终结局不外乎以下几个方面:其一,调查顺利完成,中间没有出现相对人的拒绝行为。可能没有足够的证据证明犯罪成立,或者有证据证明犯罪成立。这需依据1993年刑事审判法中的法条来判断。如果犯罪成立,第177条第(11)款内容需要遵守。[(11)根据本条规定的调查结果被提起诉讼并宣判有罪的,可在同一诉讼中被命令支付规定的调查费用。计算上述费用时,国务大臣有权确定的总的人员支出和行政支出的合理款项,应当作为调查费用。] [3](P.195) 其二,调查中有拒绝行为。可依据藐视法庭罪来处罚,但是否必然要依此罪处罚还需根据相关法律。本案例中就未对财经记者以此罪论。也可以对拒绝行为人处以其他处罚(如本案例所述)。在拒绝行为发生后,是否将调查进行至完成,则依据国务大臣的决定和法庭的判决。如使调查终止当以国务大臣的决定或法庭的判决形成定论,如使调查继续进行至完成则形成上述(其一)所述的结局。调查不管以何种形式终止,调查人员的权力交付并消失,不再行使。 结语 英国在其交易活动的漫长的历程中,逐渐形成其对内幕交易的调控规则。这对于我们有不可或缺的借鉴,但还应更多的关注其依据固有的习惯阐释的法律理念。对同一问题的分析会有不同的视角和不同的切入点。此处将法律与案例相结合来分析,缘由在于英国是判例法国家,法官有权对法律做出解释。但其能否直接对我们其借鉴作用,还需慎思。无论如何,英国对内幕交易的规范模式和实际运作,是值得去细细研究的。 中国股市在复开的十多年来,以相当急速的跨越式膨胀发展。此间积生的问题必然会不少。如何解决是政府、学界都在努力求索的方向。但问题的积淀在弹指岁月间,其有效的解决不可妄然的想一蹴而就。必须将问题的诸因素多加细虑,才能寻求出有益的方式。如何维护市场的公信力,有效控制内幕交易是内幕交易立法及内幕交易活动不可避免的。寻求他山之石,也许会有所增益。这也是本文所期许的及立意所在。 参考文献: [1]周正庆主编. 证券知识读本[M]. 北京:中国金融出版社,1998 [2]张明澍 编. 英国公司法经典案例[M]. 北京:法律出版社,1998 [3]卞耀武主编. 英国证券发行与交易法律[M]. 北京:法律出版社,1999 鉴于自己学识的浅显,对英文原文的理解会出现差错,会有许多偏颇,现附上英文原文,希望读者予以指正。 LORD GRIFFITHS delivered an opinion in favour of the inspectors. LORD OLIVER OF AYLMERTON: My Lords, I have had the advantage of reading in draft the speech delivered by my noble and learned friend, Lord Griffiths I entirely agree that, for the reasons which he has given s10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 is not directly applicable to a reference to the court under s178 of the Financial Services Act 1986.I also agree, however, that, even though not directly applicable, s10 is indicative of a general policy which should, on such a reference, be applied by way of analogy. Thus the essential question rais ed by this appeal is whether ,it being accepted that unless the information sought can be brought within one or other of the exceptions mentioned in s10 Mr. Warner has a reasonable excuse for declining to disclose it, it is information which is ‘necessary…for the prevention of …crime’. Like my noble and learned friend, I have found myself unable to accept that the expression ‘prevention of …crime’ in s10 of the Act of 1981 is to be construed in the narrow sense for which Mr. Kentridge has contended. Clearly, in enacting s10, Parliament was enunciating a public policy for the protection of a journalist’s or author’s sources of information. Equally clearly, in providing for exceptional circumstances in which that protection should be overridden, it did so on the footing that those exceptions would have some practical application. The narrow&nbs p;construction contended for would, as it seems to me, largely deprive the exception of any useful content at all, for it is difficult to imagine circumstances in which a court or tribunal would be concerned to investigate a particular anticipated crime. The words must bear a wider meaning than that and must, I think, at least embrace the detection and prosecution of crimes which are shown to have been committed and where detection and prosecution could sensibly be said to act as a practical deterrent to future criminal conduct of a similar type. I&nbs p;do not, therefore, for my part doubt that a disclosure required to enable persons shown to have been engaged in a criminal activity to be identified and prosecuted is a disclosure required for ‘the prevention of …crime’. At the same time it has to be borne in mind that the protection against disclosure is not lightly to be cast aside and that the conditions required for its removal have to be positively established to the satisfaction of the court. If there is danger that the exception may be deprived of any useful content by too narrow& nbsp;an interpretation of the protection itself being attenuated to an unacceptable degree if the need for positive establishment of those requirements is too lightly regarded. What has chiefly concerned me in the instant appeal is whether this onus has been sufficiently discharged by the evidence filed on behalf of the inspectors. In my judgment, however, it has only narrowly been discharged and I am concerned that it should not be thought that the protection afforded by the Act can be overcome merely by a ritualistic assertion on affidavit that particular informati on is required for the prevention of crime. Obviously the court will pay a proper regard to the views of things, know better than anyone else the stage which their inquiries have reached and what is needful for their successful prosecution. But it cannot, in my judgment, and must not be thought to be sufficient dimply to say that the inquiry upon which the body is engaged is one which has as its object the detection and prevention of crime and that, because a deponent says that certain information is required for the purpose of the inqui ry, it therefore follows inexorably that the information is necessary for ‘the prevention of…crime’. The court must, in my judgment, be presented at least with sufficient material to enable it to exercise an independent judgment on the extent of the need. If the evidence filed on behalf of the inspectors is open to the criticism that it could have been more specific about the results so far of the inquiries undertaken, one can, at the same time, see very good reasons why the inspectors, in an inquiry whose avowed purpose is to identify and report on criminal activity, should not wish to reveal in greater detail than is strictly requisite the course which their inquiries are taking. What the evidence does disclose is, first, that their is a ring of people who have dealt on the Stock Excha nge using price-sensitive information derived from at least one servant of the Crown. Secondly, it is demonstrated that the dealing have been on a considerable scale. Thirdly, it is an irresistible inference that the Crown servant or servants responsible for providing the price-sensitive information has or have been acting in breach of a duty of confidence. Fourthly, the inference is well-night irresistible that unless both the source of the information and the persons engaged in the ring can be identified and stopped the course of criminal conduct involved in such d ealings is likely to continue. Fifthly, it is beyond dispute that Mr. Warner, without any suggestion of impropriety on his part, is the author of two articles in which unpublished information has been deployed with an accuracy which cannot reasonably be attributed to mere coincidence. That information clearly was, before its publication by Mr. Warner, price-sensitive information and it can, initially, only have come from a Crown servant. Now obviously the precise purpose which will be served by the disclosure of the source of Mr. Warner’s information is not capable of being predicated with complete accuracy until the disclosure takes place, but I cannot for my part think that the evidence can properly be criticized as insufficient simply on that score. It may be that it will lead, whether by way of original inquiry or by way of confirmation, directly to the identification of a member of the ring or of the Crown servants involved. It may be that it will lead to the identification of someone not at present even suspected as a member of the dealing ring or to the revelation of a second and at&nbs p;present unidentified ring of dealers. It may be entirely inconclusive or serve only for the purpose of elimination. None of these results appears to me, on analysis, to disqualify it as information ‘necessary…for the prevention of …crime’, for, if the exception in s10 is to have any sensible operation, it cannot, in my judgment, be an essential characteristic of such information that the result to which it will lead should be capable of being predicated with precision before it is even known what the information is. For these reasons and for the reaso ns contained in the speech of my noble and learned friend, Lord Griffiths, I agree that the appeal should be dismissed. LORDS KEITH OF KINKEL, ROSKILL and GOFF OF CHIEVELEY concurred.
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